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High-Resolution Intracellular Ca2+ Imaging

Cited 58 times

Cultured cells were transfected using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) 2 or 3 days before imaging. Jurkat T cells were electroporated using a MicroPorator (MP-100, Digital Bio) 1 day before imaging. For cytosolic Ca²⁺ imaging using fura-2, cells were loaded with 5 μM fura-2 AM (Molecular Probes, USA) at room temperature (22–24 °C) for 40–60 min in 0.1% BSA-supplemented physiological salt solution (PSS) containing (in mM) 150 NaCl, 4 KCl, 2 CaCl₂, 1 MgCl₂, 5.6 glucose and 25 HEPES (pH 7.4). Before imaging, the loading solution was replaced with PSS without BSA.
The images were captured using an inverted microscope (IX81, Olympus, Japan) equipped with a × 20 objective (numerical aperture (NA)=0.75, UPlanSApo, Olympus) or a × 40 objective (NA 0.90, UApo/340, Olympus), an electron-multiplying cooled-coupled device (EM-CCD) camera (ImagEM, Hamamatsu Photonics, Japan), a filter wheel (Lambda 10-3, Sutter Instrument, USA), a xenon lamp (ebx75) and a metal halide lamp (EL6000, Leica, Germany) at a rate of one frame per 2 or 3 s with the following excitation/emission filter settings: 472±15 nm/520±17.5 nm for G-GECO1.1, CEPIA1er, G-CEPIA1er, CEPIA2–4mt and EYFP-er; 562±20 nm/641±37.5 nm for R-GECO1, R-CEPIA1er and mCherry-STIM1; 377±25 nm/466±20 nm and 377±25 nm/520±17.5 nm for GEM-GECO1 and GEM-CEPIA1er; 340±13 nm/510±42 nm and 365±6 nm/510±42 nm for fura-2; 440±10.5 nm/480±15 nm and 440±10.5 nm/535±13 nm for D1ER19 (link)20 (link). For analysis of the ratiometric indicators, we calculated the fluorescence ratio (F₄₆₆/F₅₂₀ for GEM-GECO1 and GEM-CEPIA1er; F₃₄₀/F₃₆₅ for fura-2; F₅₃₅/F₄₈₀ for D1ER). Photobleaching was corrected for using a linear fit to the fluorescence intensity change before agonist stimulation. All images were analysed with ImageJ software.
To image subcellular ER Ca²⁺ dynamics during agonist-induced Ca²⁺ wave formation, we imaged HeLa cells expressing either G-CEPIA1er or R-CEPIA1er. Images were captured at a rate of one frame per 30–100 ms using a × 60 objective (NA 1.45, PlanApo TIRF, Olympus) and the metal halide lamp or an LED lamp (pE-100, CoolLED, UK). To evaluate Ca²⁺ wave velocity in the ER and cytosol, images were normalized by the resting intensity, and a linear region of interest (ROI) was defined along the direction of wave propagation. A line-scan image was created by averaging 30 adjacent linear ROIs parallel to the original ROI, and time derivative was obtained to detect the time point that showed maximal change during the scan duration. Then, the time points were plotted against the pixel, and the wave velocity was estimated by the slope of the least-squares regression line.
For mitochondrial Ca²⁺ imaging with ER and cytosolic Ca²⁺, mitochondrial inner membrane potential or mitochondrial pH at subcellular resolution, we imaged HeLa cells with a confocal microscope (TCS SP8, Leica) equipped with a × 63 objective (NA 1.40, HC PL APO, Leica) at a rate of one frame per 2 or 3 s with the following excitation/emission spectra: R-GECO1mt (552 nm/560–800nm), G-CEPIA1er (488 nm/500–550 nm) and GEM-GECO1 (405 nm/500–550 nm); GEM-GECO1mt (405 nm/500–550 nm), JC-1 (488 nm/500–550 nm and 488 nm/560–800nm); R-GECO1mt (552 nm/560–800nm), SypHer-dmito (405 nm/500–550 nm and 488 nm/500–550 nm). For analysis of JC-1 and SypHer-dmito, we calculated the fluorescence ratio (488 nm/560–800 nm over 488 nm/500–550 nm for JC-1 (ref. 55 (link)); 488 nm/500–550 nm over 405 nm/500–550 nm for SypHer-dmito62 (link)).
To perform in situ Ca²⁺ titration of CEPIA, we permeabilized the plasma membrane of HeLa cells with 150 μM β-escin (Nacalai Tesque, Japan) in a solution containing (in mM) 140 KCl, 10 NaCl, 1 MgCl₂ and 20 HEPES (pH 7.2). After 4 min treatment with β-escin, we applied various Ca²⁺ concentrations in the presence of 3 μM ionomycin and 3 μM thapsigargin, and estimated the maximum and minimum fluorescent intensity (R_max and R_min), dynamic range (R_max/R_min), K_d and n.
For the estimation of [Ca²⁺]_ER based on the ratiometric measurement using GEM-CEPIA1er (

Figs 1e,f

and

Supplementary Fig. 5f

), [Ca²⁺]_ER was obtained by the following equation:

where R=(F at 466 nm)/(F at 510 nm), n=1.37 and K_d=558 μM.
To evaluate pH-dependent change of EYFP-er fluorescence (

Supplementary Fig. 4a–d

), we stimulated HeLa cells expressing EYFP-er in a PSS (adjusted to pH 6.8) containing monensin (10 μM, Wako) and nigericin (10 μM, Wako). Subsequently, the cells were alkalinized with a solution containing (in mM) 120 NaCl, 30 NH₄Cl, 4 KCl, 2 CaCl₂, 1 MgCl₂, 5 HEPES and 5.6 Glucose (pH 7.4)67 (link).

Suzuki J., Kanemaru K., Ishii K., Ohkura M., Okubo Y, & Iino M. (2014). Imaging intraorganellar Ca2+ at subcellular resolution using CEPIA. Nature Communications, 5, 4153.

Publication 2014

Aftercare Cells Cultured Cells Cytosol Electrons Escin Fingers Fluorescence Fura-2 fura-2-am Glucose HeLa Cells HEPES Ionomycin Jurkat Cells lipofectamine 2000 Magnesium Chloride Medical Devices Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial Metals Microscopy Microscopy, Confocal Mitochondria Molecular Probes Monensin Nigericin physiology Plasma Radionuclide Imaging Reading Frames Reproduction Sodium Chloride STIM1 protein, human Thapsigargin Titrimetry Xenon

Quantifying Intracellular Calcium Dynamics

Cited 15 times

A cohort of myocytes was loaded with fura-2/AM (0.5 μM) for 10 min and fluorescence intensity were recorded with a dual-excitation fluorescence photomultiplier system (Ionoptix). Myocytes were placed onto an Olympus IX-70 inverted microscope and imaged through a Fluor x 40 oil objective. Cells were exposed to light emitted by a 75W lamp and passed through either a 360 or a 380 nm filter, while being stimulated to contract at 0.5 Hz. Fluorescence emissions were detected between 480-520 nm and qualitative change in fura-2 fluorescence intensity (FFI) was inferred from FFI ratio at the two wavelengths (360/380). Fluorescence decay time was calculated as an indicator of intracellular Ca²⁺ clearing 11 (link).

Doser T.A., Turdi S., Thomas D.P., Epstein P.N., Li S.Y, & Ren J. (2009). Transgenic Overexpression of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase-2 Rescues Chronic Alcohol Intake-Induced Myocardial Hypertrophy and Contractile Dysfunction. Circulation, 119(14), 1941-1949.

Publication 2009

Cells Fluorescence Fura-2 fura-2-am Light Microscopy Muscle Cells Protoplasm

Visualizing Calcium Signaling in Bone Cell Networks

Cited 13 times

To indicate [Ca²⁺]_i signaling, cell networks were incubated in a humidified incubator for 45 minutes with 10 μM Fura-2 AM medium (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR) and then rinsed with fresh working medium (α-MEM without phenol-red supplemented with 2% FBS and 2% CS) three times. The slide was mounted into a custom-built parallel plate flow chamber for laminar fluid flow stimulation (

Fig. 1C

). The flow chamber was mounted on an inverted fluorescence microscope (Olympus IX71, Melville, NY) and left undisturbed for 15 minutes, which has been shown to be sufficient for bone cells to recover from disturbance and to generate repetitive [Ca²⁺]_i responses (45 (link)). A magnetic gear pump (SiLog, Micropump, Inc., WA) was connected to the chamber to run the fresh working medium through the chamber with a desired steady flow rate.
The [Ca²⁺]_i responses of bone cell networks under fluid flow stimulation were recorded with a high-speed CCD camera (ORCA-ER-1394, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Hamamatsu City, Japan) for a period of total 10-minutes, one minute for baseline and 9 minutes after the onset of fluid flow. Fura-2 340 nm/380 nm ratio images were used to obtain the dynamic history of [Ca²⁺]_i by measuring the average image intensity of each cell using MetaMorph Imaging Software 7.0 (Molecular Devices, Downingtown, PA). The intensity of [Ca²⁺]_i for each cell was normalized by its corresponding baseline.

Lu X.L., Huo B., Chiang V, & Guo X.E. (2012). Osteocytic Network Is More Responsive in Calcium Signaling than Osteoblastic Network under Fluid Flow. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 27(3), 563-574.

Publication 2012

Cells Fura-2 fura-2-am Medical Devices Microscopy, Fluorescence Molecular Probes Orcinus orca Osteocytes

Most recents protocols related to «Fura-2-am»

Fura-2 Calcium Imaging Workflow

For experiments using Fura-2, unless otherwise noted, Imaging Buffer was Ca²⁺ containing Hanks Balanced Salt Solution (Ca²⁺:HBSS) (Gibco 14025–092) containing any relevant drugs (i.e. PLX4720). To cells in 35 mm dishes, 1 mL of medium was removed and Fura-2-AM was added to 4 μM (2X) concentration before adding back to the plate to achieve a 2 μM final concentration. Plates were incubated at 37°C, 5% CO₂ for 30 minutes. After dye loading, the media was aspirated and the plates were washed 3X with 2 mL of Imaging Buffer warmed to 37°C. After the final wash, 2 mL of Imaging Buffer was added to the dish.

Stauffer P.E., Brinkley J., Jacobson D., Quaranta V, & Tyson D.R. (2024). Purinergic Ca2+ signaling as a novel mechanism of drug tolerance in BRAF mutant melanoma. bioRxiv.

Publication Preprint 2024

Quantifying ER Ca2+ Release and SOCE Activity

SOCE assays were conducted, as described previously⁸⁷, in three phases consisting of 1) an equilibration period in Ca²⁺-free HBSS, 2) release of Ca²⁺ from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and 3) the induction of SOCE activity. Changes in cytoplasmic Ca²⁺ levels were measured with Fura-2-AM, as described above. Briefly, cells were dye loaded, washed, and incubated in Ca²⁺ free HBSS before imaging. Phase 1) Ca²⁺-free HBSS was perfused over cells for 10 minutes of imaging to allow equilibration and to acquire a baseline. Phase 2) Ca²⁺-free HBSS buffer containing 50 μM of the sarco-endoplasmic Ca²⁺ ATPase (SERCA) inhibitor, cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), was perfused over cells for 8 minutes. During this phase, CPA treatment leads to the release of free Ca²⁺ within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), allowing for the quantification of ER Ca²⁺ stores and subsequent cytoplasmic Ca²⁺ clearance. Release of ER Ca²⁺ stores results in activation of SOCE channels, however, they do not contribute to the Ca²⁺ signal until extracellular Ca²⁺ is added to the assay in the third phase. Phase 3) Perfusion with Ca²⁺:HBSS (+50 μM CPA) allows influx of Ca²⁺ through activated SOCE channels, and subsequent quantification of SOCE activity on a cell by cell basis. This final component of the assay proceeds for an additional eight minutes before imaging is stopped. For all phases, cells were perfused at a flow rate of 2 mL/min. Quantifications of ER Ca²⁺ content and SOCE activity are calculated by taking the integral of each cell trace within the respective phases, followed by baseline subtraction.

Stauffer P.E., Brinkley J., Jacobson D., Quaranta V, & Tyson D.R. (2024). Purinergic Ca2+ signaling as a novel mechanism of drug tolerance in BRAF mutant melanoma. bioRxiv.

Publication Preprint 2024

Fura-2-AM Calcium Imaging Microscopy

After dye loading/washing, imaging dishes were moved to a heated stage. Fura-2-AM fluorescence (Ratio 340Ex/380Ex-535Em; 340/380 ratio) was measured every 5 seconds as an indicator of intracellular Ca²⁺; when the intracellular concentration of Ca²⁺ increases, so does the 340/380 ratio. Imaging was performed for a period of 40 minutes with a Nikon Eclipse Ti2 microscope using a 10X objective and equipped with a Photometrics Prime 95B 25mm sCMOS Camera. For Ca²⁺ free conditions, cells were washed and imaged in Ca²⁺ free HBSS (Gibco 14175–095).

Stauffer P.E., Brinkley J., Jacobson D., Quaranta V, & Tyson D.R. (2024). Purinergic Ca2+ signaling as a novel mechanism of drug tolerance in BRAF mutant melanoma. bioRxiv.

Publication Preprint 2024

Calcium Imaging of Activated Jurkat T Cells

For Ca 2+ imaging, as described previously 65 , Jurkat T cells were loaded with 1 μM Fura-2-AM in RPMI 1640 with 10% FCS at room temperature for 25 min. Then cells were washed with centrifugation, resuspended in 1 mM Ca 2+ Ringer's solution, and seeded on poly(acrylamide) (PAAm) hydrogel substrate if not otherwise mentioned. Afterwards, Ca 2+ imaging is acquired immediately. Fluorescence was emitted by 340 nm or 380 nm and infrared images were taken every 5 sec for 25 min at room temperature. The captured images were analyzed by T.I.L.L. Vision software. The traces were analyzed with the software Igor Pro6. For the experiment with BTP-2, all solutions contain 10 μM BTP-2 or the vehicle. The response time is defined as the time period between cell docking on the substrate and Ca 2+ influx. The cells showing elevated Ca 2+ levels ([Ca 2+ ]int exceeding the threshold Ratio 340/380=0.3) were defined as responsive cells. Time 0 of T cell activation is defined as the time point immediately before the [Ca 2+ ]int exceeds the threshold (Ratio 340/380=0.3). The peak was defined as the maximum value of ratio 340nm/380nm within the first 60 sec after the T cell activation. The plateau levels the average of 340nm/380nm ratios from the last 30 sec.

Zhao R., Zhang J., Schwarz E.C., Campo A.d., Hoth M., & Qu B. (2024). T cell polarization and NFAT translocation are stiffness-dependent and are differentially regulated by Piezo1 and Orai1.

Publication 2024

Calcium imaging using Fura-2 AM and Fluo-4 AM

Fura-2 AM (Abcam, ab120873) stock solution was prepared in DMSO at 10 mM. Resting cells were loaded with the Fura-2 AM dye simultaneously with the depolarized cells at a final concentration of 2 µM. The dye was added along with the KCl solution to the depolarized cells, and the cells were incubated for 45 min at 37 °C and 5% CO₂. Then, cells were washed with neurobasal media three times and were kept in neurobasal media without Fura-2 AM at 37 °C and 5% CO₂ for another 30 min. The fluorescence was then imaged using a Keyence microscope at the excitation wavelength 340/380. Fluorescent nuclei were counted using ImageJ software.
Fluo-4 AM (Thermo Fisher Scientific, F14201) was resuspended in DMSO to 1 mM. Similar to the Fura-2 AM strategy, resting and depolarizing cells were loaded with the Fluo-4 AM at 2 µM simultaneously at the beginning of depolarization for 45 min at 37 °C and 5% CO₂. Pluronic F-127 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, P6866) was added at 0.02% to help disperse the dye in the media. Cells were then washed with regular neurobasal media three times and were kept in neurobasal media for another 30 min at 37 °C and 5% CO₂. The fluorescence was then imaged using the Keyence microscope at the excitation wavelength 494/506. Fluorescent nuclei were counted using ImageJ.
In addition to imaging, fluorescence by Fura-2 AM or Fluo-4 AM was measured using the Varioskan LUX plate reader and the SkanIt RE 5.0 program at excitation/emission at 340/380 nm and 494/506 nm, respectively. Each biological replicate was calculated as the average of three wells (technical replicates) in the 96-well plate plated from the same batch of neurons.

Hacisuleyman E., Hale C.R., Noble N., Luo J.D., Fak J.J., Saito M., Chen J., Weissman J.S, & Darnell R.B. (2024). Neuronal activity rapidly reprograms dendritic translation via eIF4G2:uORF binding. Nature Neuroscience, 27(5), 822-835.

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Publication 2024

Top products related to «Fura-2-am»

Fura-2 AM by Thermo Fisher Scientific

Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, France, Spain, Japan, Belgium, Australia, China, Canada, Austria, Macao

Fura-2 AM is a fluorescent calcium indicator used for measuring intracellular calcium levels. It is a cell-permeable derivative of the parent compound Fura-2. Fura-2 AM can be loaded into cells, where intracellular esterases cleave off the acetoxymethyl (AM) ester group, trapping the Fura-2 indicator inside the cell.

Fura-2/AM by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Sao Tome and Principe, Japan

Fura-2/AM is a fluorescent dye used for measuring intracellular calcium concentrations. It is a cell-permeant acetoxymethyl (AM) ester form of the calcium-sensitive fluorescent indicator Fura-2.

Pluronic F-127 by Thermo Fisher Scientific

Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, Japan

Pluronic F-127 is a non-ionic, surfactant-based material commonly used in various laboratory applications. It is a triblock copolymer composed of polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide segments. Pluronic F-127 is known for its ability to form thermoreversible gels and has versatile applications in areas such as drug delivery, tissue engineering, and cell culture.

Fura-2 AM by Dojindo Laboratories

Sourced in Japan, United States

Fura-2 AM is a fluorescent calcium indicator used for measuring intracellular calcium levels. It is a cell-permeable derivative of the ratiometric calcium dye Fura-2.

MetaFluor software by Molecular Devices

Sourced in United States, Japan, United Kingdom, Canada, France

MetaFluor software is a data acquisition and analysis platform designed for fluorescence imaging applications. It provides tools for image capture, processing, and analysis to enable researchers to quantify fluorescent signals in their samples.

Thapsigargin by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Sao Tome and Principe, Italy, France, Japan, Canada, Spain, Macao, Switzerland, Belgium

Thapsigargin is a naturally occurring compound isolated from the plant Thapsia garganica. It functions as a selective inhibitor of the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) pump, which is responsible for the active uptake of calcium ions into the endoplasmic reticulum. Thapsigargin is a valuable tool for researchers studying calcium signaling and homeostasis in biological systems.

FBS by Thermo Fisher Scientific

Sourced in United States, China, United Kingdom, Germany, Australia, Japan, Canada, Italy, France, Switzerland, New Zealand, Brazil, Belgium, India, Spain, Israel, Austria, Ireland, Poland, Sweden, Macao, Netherlands, Denmark, Cameroon, Portugal, Singapore, Argentina, Uruguay, Morocco, Holy See (Vatican City State), Mexico, Thailand, Sao Tome and Principe, Hungary, Czechia, Hong Kong, Norway, Panama, Moldova, Republic of, United Arab Emirates, Chile, Russian Federation, Palestine, State of, Saudi Arabia, Gabon

Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) is a cell culture supplement derived from the blood of bovine fetuses. FBS provides a source of proteins, growth factors, and other components that support the growth and maintenance of various cell types in in vitro cell culture applications.

Fura-2-acetoxymethyl ester (Fura-2-AM) by Thermo Fisher Scientific

Sourced in United States

Fura-2-acetoxymethyl ester (Fura-2-AM) is a calcium-sensitive fluorescent dye. It is a cell-permeable compound that can be used to measure intracellular calcium concentrations.

FlexStation 3 by Molecular Devices

Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Japan, Germany, Switzerland, China, Spain

The FlexStation 3 is a multimode microplate reader that measures various assays, including fluorescence, luminescence, and absorbance. It is designed to provide consistent and reliable results for a wide range of applications in life science research and drug discovery.

Ionomycin by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Macao, France, Italy, China, Canada, Switzerland, Sao Tome and Principe, Japan, Australia, Belgium, Denmark, Netherlands, Israel, Chile, Spain

Ionomycin is a laboratory reagent used in cell biology research. It functions as a calcium ionophore, facilitating the transport of calcium ions across cell membranes. Ionomycin is commonly used to study calcium-dependent signaling pathways and cellular processes.

Fura-2-am offers several key advantages over other calcium indicators. Its ratiometric detection capabilities allow for more quantitative measurements of intracellular calcium concentrations, providing greater sensitivity and precision. Additionally, Fura-2-am is cell-permeable, making it suitable for a wide range of biological and medical research applications, including the study of calcium signaling pathways, neuronal function, and muscle contraction.

One common challenge with Fura-2-am is ensuring effective cell loading and dye retention within the cells of interest. Factors such as cell type, incubation time, and temperature can all impact the efficiency of Fura-2-am uptake and retention. Additionally, photobleaching and dye leakage over time can be a concern, requiring careful experimental design and monitoring.

Yes, there are several variations of Fura-2-am available, each with slightly different characteristics. For example, acetoxymethyl (AM) ester derivatives of Fura-2 can provide improved cell-permeability, while Fura-2 "salt" versions offer enhanced water solubility. Researchers should carefully evaluate the specific properties of each Fura-2-am variant to determine the most suitable option for their experimental needs.

Fura-2-am is widely used in a variety of biological and medical research applications. It is a popular tool for studying calcium signaling pathways, as it allows researchers to monitor intracellular calcium dynamics with high sensitivity. Fura-2-am has also been employed in the investigation of neuronal function, muscle contraction, and other calcium-mediated cellular processes. Its versatility makes it a valuable asset in many areas of life science research.

PubCompare.ai's AI-driven platform can be immensly helpful in optimizing your Fura-2-am research. The platform allows you to efficiently screen protocol liteature, leveraging artificial intelligence to pinpoint critical insights. This can help researchers identify the most effective Fura-2-am protocols for their specific research goals, highlighting key differences in protocol effectiveness and enabling them to choose the best option for reproducibility and accuracy. By leveraging PubCompare.ai, you can experience enhanced efficiency and confidence in your Fura-2-am studies.

More about "Fura-2-am"

Fura-2-am is a widely used fluorescent calcium indicator that allows researchers to measure intracellular calcium levels with high sensitivity and precision.
This cell-permeable compound, also known as Fura-2/AM, is commonly employed in a variety of biological and medical research applications, including the study of calcium signaling pathways, neuronal function, and muscle contraction.
Fura-2-am offers several advantages over other calcium indicators, such as its ratiometric detection capabilities and its ability to provide quantitative measurements of calcium concentrations.
The Fura-2 acetoxymethyl ester (Fura-2-AM) is a membrane-permeable form of the Fura-2 dye that can easily cross the cell membrane and is then hydrolyzed by intracellular esterases to release the active Fura-2 dye.
By leveraging the power of PubCompare.ai's AI-driven platform, researchers can easily locate and compare Fura-2-am protocols from published literature, preprints, and patents, ensuring reproducibility and accuracy in their experiments.
This enhanced efficiency and confidence can lead to more insightful discoveries in your Fura-2-am resarch endeavors.
Researchers often use Fura-2-am in combination with other reagents, such as Pluronic F-127, a nonionic detergent that helps solubilize the Fura-2-am compound, and MetaFluor software, which is used for fluorescence data acquisition and analysis.
Additionally, Thapsigargin, a potent inhibitor of the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase, can be used to induce calcium release and further study calcium signaling pathways.
The FlexStation 3 is a popular multi-mode microplate reader that is commonly used in Fura-2-am experiments, allowing for high-throughput, kinetic measurements of intracellular calcium levels.
Ionomycin, a calcium ionophore, is another compound that is frequently used in conjunction with Fura-2-am to elicit a calcium response and validate the functionality of the dye.
By incorporating these related terms and concepts, researchers can optimize their Fura-2-am research and make the most of the powerful capabilities of this versatile calcium indicator.

Fura-2-am Research Optimization with PubCompare.ai: Enhancing Reproducibility and Accuracy - Pubcompare (2024)

Most cited protocols related to «Fura-2-am»

Most recents protocols related to «Fura-2-am»

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More about "Fura-2-am"